نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 22 (تابستان 1401)

In the verses and traditions, performing divine and religious rites is emphasized. And the revival of rituals has been emphasized by the infallible imams. Each religious or non-religious group has its own signs and symbols by which its followers are identified. Iran's Imamite Shiites have also been like this throughout history. Rituals have different types, including behavioral rituals. Behavioral rites mean external performance that shows obedience to God. Although speech may be considered as one of the rituals, but behavior has a greater effect. Iran's Shiites have rituals such as visiting graves, mourning, wearing black clothes, sending religious gifts to imams, holding festivals, building graves, and blessing the infallible. All these cases, except for wearing black clothes, have been documented in the theoretical or practical life of the infallible.

Divergence and division are one of the important issues of the Islamic world in the contemporary period. From the perspective of Spriggans' research method, the future of Islamic convergence requires that Muslims must first understand the current situation and move towards the desired situation by identifying the causes and obstacles. The purpose of this research is to answer the question of what are the causes and obstacles for the formation of convergence in the Islamic world? The result of the research shows that the current situation does not have much direction towards convergence and we must pave the formation of convergence as the path of a desirable and ideal society, that is, the formation of the Islamic nation because the path of the Islamic Ummah passes through the path of Islamic convergence. By studying and investigating, we come to the conclusion that ambition and idealism, ignoring the prerequisites and necessary grounds for convergence, lack of mental preparation for convergence especially at the level of rulers, weak economic structures, premature politicization of the convergence process along with differences in political and social structures , the contradictory behavior of political leaders, the extra-regional view in politics, security and economy and the means of being in the hands of colonial and arrogant powers and their influence and divisive policies are considered as important factors and obstacles to the formation of convergence in the Islamic world that the above obstacles have caused the failure of the idea of ​​convergence in the Islamic world.

nvestigating the social and political status of the middle ages, particularly from the Mongol Conquest to the Safavid dynasty, has a significant importance in the political and social history of Iran with regard to idealism, messianism, and heroism. That is because such investigation illustrates a part of people’s life during the middle ages. Such an approach is a missing link in the historical studies conducted on that age. With the title “A discourse analysis on the lifesaving doctrines of Hurufism and Noorbakhshia”, the current study focuses on the lifesaving doctrines of the two movements based on historical resources and data from a discourse analytic perspective and investigates a part of the social history of the middle ages, particularly the Timurid dynasty. The dominant environment in Iran after the Mongol Conquest as well as the later invasions by AbstractITamerlane and the fear that dominated the society made the grounds ready for the appearance of a number of lifesaving movements. The importance and pre-conditions for the appearance of lifesaving and messianic notions during the middle ages and the Timurid dynasty, the public interest in such notions, the sociocultural feedback related to them, and consequently, portraying a part of people’s social life in that historical period are among the major goals of the current study. In addition, it would be attempted to base such investigations on first-hand historical data documented at that period in addition to studies conducted in this area and conduct the study in a descriptive and analytical mode.

Shah Abbas I and his successors needed a warship in order to exercise complete sovereignty over the water territories and enjoy maritime interests. From the beginning of the Safavid government, the Europeans posed a serious challenge to Iran's domination of the waters with the help of warships. As a result, an important challenge occurred in the relations between the two sides. It has been asked in this research that what has been done to overcome the obstacles in the navy during Shah Abbas I's Open Door policy, and what the results were. A descriptive-analytical approach was used to explain these issues. The findings of the study indicate that Shah Abbas and his successors did not benefit from the open door policy with the Europeans to equip the navy. They were willing to grant political, religious and economic privileges to Britain, the Netherlands and France. However, they failed to achieve their goal and the power of the Safavid state, as one of the most important states in the Islamic world, was not upgraded from a regional power to an international one. The expulsion of the Portuguese from the Persian Gulf during the reign of Shah Abbas has been exaggerated. In fact, Shah Abbas I's action was a temporary relief for this government.

Group and sometimes individual migrations have been one of the factors of the origin, evolution and transfer of human civilizations from one land to another. Abdur Rahman's migration from Syria to Maghreb and then to Andalusia and the establishment of the Umayyad government in that land is one of these examples that caused the transfer of a large part of the culture and civilization of the Islamic East to Andalusia. The question of this research is that, as a migrant from the east of the Islamic world to Andalusia, what character traits did Abdur Rahman have that gave him the ability to play a role in the transfer and development of civilization in Islamic Andalusia? The method of conducting this research is descriptive-analytical and the results confirm that Abd al-Rahman had special personality traits that was able to use the internal conditions of Andalusia to establish a government and play a significant role in the transfer of Eastern Islamic civilization and its regrowth in this land.

This paper understands the value of the historical heritage of the Companions of Hadith and its impact on the minds of the audience of these works on the subject of the conquests of the Umayyad era and with the aim of discovering the thematic network in these texts to achieve a model that explains their general logic and structure. It tries to answer this question: "What topics do the companions of hadith present to the audience in recording the news of the conquests?" To find this answer, we first studied the historical heritage of the Companions of Hadith in this regard among the existing works, the history of Khalifa Ibn Khayyat (Ibn Khayyat 240 AH), the remains of the book al-Ma'rifah wa al-Tarikh (Faswi 277 AH), Tarikh al-Umma wa al-Muluk (Tabari 310 AH), Al-Mu'tazim Fi Tarikh Al-Umam wa al-Muluk, (Abd al-Rahman Ibn Jawzi 597 AH) were selected and data related to the news of the conquests were extracted from them, and then the thematic analysis method and the implementation of its various stages were used to analyze the data and discover the themes hidden in the selected sources, which are in the form of five themes. These are the Islamic conquests, the rule of the Muslims over the open areas and the enjoyment of its interests, the military power of the Muslims, the military superiority of the Muslims over the enemy, the power of the enemy over the Muslims. These themes are in line with the legitimacy of the Umayyads, according to the approach of the Companions of Hadith to the Caliphate.

The suppression of Shiites, which became common since the Ayyubid period, was continued by the Mamluks. And in the meantime, the Bahri Mamluk sultans made targeted raids in the years 682-705 AH to the Shiite areas of Jurd, Jubail and Kaservan. The main question of the article is, what were the grounds, causes and consequences of the attacks in these areas and also the reaction of the Shiites? The findings of the research show that they achieved this by using Ibn Taymiyyah's fatwas and with the aim of disciplining the Shiites of Jurd, Jubail, and Kaservan, as well as religious sovereignty, and the result of this was the mass slaughter of Shiites, the destruction of the mentioned Shiite areas, and their military subjugation to clans of Sunni was to persecute the Shiites which resulted in insecurity as well as the migration of Shiites and caused them to pretend to be Sunnah by making taqiyyah their profession for survival. However, this did not stop the religious conflicts between supporters and opponents of Ibn Taymiyyah for the maximum pressure of the government on the Shiites. And therefore, the Mamluk sultan forbade Ibn Taymiyyah from entering into divisive religious issues and dismissed him from Sheikh Al-Shiyukhi Ahl al-Sunni.

The Berbers, along with the Arabs, played an important role in the conquest of Andalusia, and after the conquest of Andalusia, many Moroccans, especially the Berbers, left for Andalusia. The Andalusian society was formed during the period of conquests from conflicting elements in religious and cultural beliefs, and it was not long before interactions were established between the conquerors in the social and livelihood fields. What is the social status of the Berbers in Andalusian society and how did they participate in the administrative organization? The main question of the present article. Descriptive-analytical reports from historical sources confirm that the conquest of the Andalusians brought the Berbers and Arabs closer together in various social, administrative, linguistic, and lexical fields. The barbarians lived and mingled with the Arabs in some parts of Andalusia, and even took on administrative duties such as scribes, ascetics, oppressors, and provincial governors.

With the transfer of the oil concession to William Knox Darcy in 1901/1280, followed by the discovery of oil in Masjed Suleiman in Khordad in 1908/1287 and the establishment of the Abadan refinery in 1912/1291, employment and migration of labor from abroad and inside to Abadan was provided. British and Iranian oil company managers built a settlement to accommodate these immigrants, and the result was the formation of the city of Abadan by designers and architects of the British and Iranian oil company in accordance with the latest urban development achievements. The upcoming research by combining the descriptive-analytical method and by using library sources and documents and first-hand sources and new research is looking for an answer to the question of what is the role of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in the formation of the spatial structure of Abadan Industrial City? The findings of the research indicate that Abadan City Company owes its existence, formation and development to the discovery of oil and the establishment of Abadan Refinery. The formation of the space body of the city of Abadan was based on four indicators; The separation of neighborhoods from each other, the design of the city in a linear (longitudinal) form, the design in a checkered and radial form, and the design was based on the idea of ​​the city garden. Based on this, in this research, the role of British and Iranian oil company in the formation and development of the urban body of Abadan Industrial City from the establishment of the refinery to the nationalization of the oil industry has been investigated and evaluated.